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Essay Mary Wollstonepost as Mist Valuable Thinker - 526 Words

Mary Wollstonecraft as Most Valuable Thinker Mary Wollstonecraft was known as the â€Å"first feminist† and was a leader to many women during a time where woman’s rights were not important to many people. She lead woman through treacherous times filled with sexism and misogyny. During the enlightenment period, people came up with new ideas no one had thought of before and Mary was one of these people. Wollstonecraft thought women were just as important as men were and thought that women and men should be equal. Mary impacted the world with her philosophical ideas. She wrote works concerning jobs and schooling for women. To be a valuable thinker you must be able to influence many countries and bring completely new ideas to the world. Mary†¦show more content†¦She believed that if an individual is going to develop in there life, then they would need an education, whether they were male or female. This makes her a very valuable thinker because she was smart and re alized that people need education. She had the idea of equal education and at this time it was a rare thought that few people had. Mary Wollstonecraft was one of the most influential women in the entire world. She influenced America very strongly and many other countries. Specifically in America, she was one of the first people to give the idea of feminism, and this led to women’s rights movements. Throughout other countries, the idea of equality has spread, making women able to work any job they want. In addition to this, they can get the education they deserve, and do many other activities that do not involve staying in the household, as society dictates in those parts of the world. Western Society is constantly changing, and Mary Wollstonecraft should be accredited for that, being the pinnacle of an entire movement, making her the MVT of the enlightenment. Overall, I think Mary Wollstonecraft is a valuable thinker because she influenced the world with her new feminist thou ghts, showed the world equality in education, and taught women to be confident and prove themselves equal to men. She was a leader full of new ideas and thoughts during the enlightenment

Geoengineering Global Temperature Stabilization

Question: Discuss about theGeoengineeringfor Global Temperature Stabilization. Answer: In the readings and videos, it has been noted that geoengineering for modifying earths climate, has raised several questions regarding its effectiveness, earths climate and adverse effects and regulation. However, the existing legal system and treaty regimens are not satisfactory to adequately monitoring or regulating the processes of geoengineering (Vaughan and Lenton 2011). Thus, the key theme revealed from the reading and videos is the need for the development of a governing framework for geoengineering. Geoengineering is a large-scale human intervention with the earth in order to change the earths climate. There are several techniques made by human intention to manage the climate change and related issues, to control earths climate, global temperature stabilization sucking excess carbon dioxide from the air. However, there are several criticism against geo-engineering. So its the governances question, who can control the technology, how and where these are deployed. A moral question has been raised in this context that would deploying geoengineering technology give us the free pass to continue the carbon polluting activities? There are also social angles of the issue, that who is paying for the technology, who is getting profit from it and who is impacted? Considering the criticism while proceeding with the geoengineering development, we need to develop precautionary principles (Habib 2017). These principles, provided by UNESCO include, proportionality, scientific analysis, scientif ic plausibility, possibility of unacceptable harm, pre-defined intervention, systematic consideration and consequences of moral inaction. There are three important elements of precautionary principles, while considering geoengineering. The first one is the burden of pre-flaws with the advocates to demonstrate the safety of the new geoengineerig technology. The second principle is to incorporate ethical responsibility for maintaining the integrity of natural eco-systems. The third principle is the acknowledgement of fallibility of human understanding. The current international legal framework regulating geoengineering framework is jumbled along with several gaps in the regulation, especially with respect to the regulation in areas beyond the national jurisdiction of solar radiation management methods (Habib 2017). None of the instruments is significant to regulate the geo-engineering methods, highlighting the need for more comprehensive governance model for taking these technologies more seriously in the policy sphere. The development of an international geoengineering governing framework is important to meet several normative governance principles for SRM to these criteria. A multilateral regime is desirable for meeting the normative principles for the regulation of SRM. The international reglations for SRM (solar radiation management) will eliminate the decision on SRM deployment from the community of nonstate players; nonstate actors deployment would violate the governance principles. There is a lack of transparency through the SRM activities, thus, establishing transparency through the regime is important for meeting the principles (Lloyd and Oppenheimer 2014). On the other hand, the incentives for complying with an internationbal framework and the compensation for non-compliance would reduce the chances of unilateral actions, thereby improving the chances of meeting the normative principles of global public consent. Finally, a legal and effective governance regime would be able to decrease the risk of a moral hazard dilemma, whereas mitigating the further weakening of prospects of SRM, through imposing suitable decision-making processes. A successful regime would help to make it difficult to raise the SRM se, relative to the implementation of emission mitigation and adaptation of innovations. Reference List Habib, B., 2017. 09.1 Ben Habib - Geoengineering and the Precautionary Principle. [online] YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_UaQVycQUM [Accessed 19 Apr. 2017]. Habib, B., 2017. 09.2 Ben Habib - International Governance of Geoengineering. [online] YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MK_WMFStZP0 [Accessed 19 Apr. 2017]. Lloyd, I.D. and Oppenheimer, M., 2014. On the design of an international governance framework for geoengineering.Global Environmental Politics,14(2), pp.45-63. Vaughan, N.E. and Lenton, T.M., 2011. A review of climate geoengineering proposals.Climatic change,109(3-4), pp.745-790.

Workplace Diversity for Computer Science and Applications

Question: Discuss about theWorkplace Diversity for Computer Science and Applications. Answer: Introduction In the present days, workplace diversity has become one of the major subjects of significant attention, and every organization is giving attention to promote diversity in the workplace. Diversity in the workplace is often defined as recognizing and understanding individuals in the workplace that belongs from different cultures and tradition, irrespective of their sex, gender, race, colour and more. Diversity also focuses on training employees to respect different culture and tradition of other employees within the organization. Managers in the organizations are focussing more on recognizing value diversity through active programs and training procedures (Schermerhorn et al. 2014). However, after focussing more on the value diversity, the glass ceiling effect has been a major barrier basically for women and for minority people. The essay will elucidates on the major aspect of promoting of value diversity in the present days, the glass ceiling effect and the different workforce diversi ty and challenges that would confront to the new Managers in the twenty-first century. Discussion In the present days, the concept of diversity in the organization, has received national attention in the twenty-first century and by promoting diversity within the workplace, business organizations are getting major benefits. Through this, the organizations are getting access to various talent pools able to satisfy employees, improving customer satisfaction, and increasing the revenue and productivity of the organization (Barak 2016). However, the rising factor of enthusiasm created workplace that promotes diversity through various initiatives and measures such as through focussing more on employee behaviour, introducing training methods and more. Diversity in the workplace has given so much of attention as because, implementing diversity strategies helps in promoting creativity and organizations are open to change (Wrench 2016). Although in the present days, organizations are tend to promote value diversity, but still there are various challenges in the management diversity. For th is reason, Managers in the organization should need to learn various managerial skills in order to promote multicultural workforce within the organization. It has also been stated that diversity helps in bringing innovation within the workplace, as various employees from different backgrounds start working together, helps in giving innovative ideas that helps the organization increasing their productivity and revenues. For instance, a diverse group of employees can be more innovative than a homogenous group. However, it has been noted that in the present days, cognitive diversity has gained significant attention (Greene and Kirton 2015). Modern businesses mainly focus on innovation and creativity, as customer perception, market condition has changed, and therefore, businesses are demanding major perspectives and ideas. As per the report, it has been stated that the American business organizations are constantly changing and they are recruiting more employees from diverse backgrounds . The major reason for fostering value diversity within the organization is that diversity helps in increasing creativity that helps in increasing productivity of the organization. It has been mentioned that organizations that are built of culturally diverse employees that could produce more creative energy. Apart from that diversity also helps in fostering innovation within the organization, as employees comes from different cultures and backgrounds they bring with them different ideas and techniques, and combining all the ideas together would help the organization in increasing their productivity (Klarsfeld et al. 2014). Diversity in the workplace also promotes consumer understanding and richer brainstorming process. For instance, through brainstorming different unique ideas can come together that would help in the case of problem solving situation. Apart from this there are various theories that would help to understand the impact of diversity in the organization that includes so cio cultural theory, situated learning approach and more. Through the theory of socio cultural, it helps in the process of conceptual learning in the workplace that would focus more on diverse environment. Through this theory interaction within the workplace initiates learning that based on major indicators such as cultural, individual and social (Ozturk and Tatli 2016). Examples of socio cultural theory within the workplace include various social activities such as initiating team building, cultural learning and more. Through the situated learning approach, Managers focus on providing training regarding value diversity and thus this approach mainly focus on how diverse culture employees learn in the organization. Apart from this, particular approach also focus on integrating social participation of different employees, as socialization and interaction are considered as an important factor mainly in the transformative economy (Greene and Kirton 2015).. Apart from this, it is important to note that though organizations are focussing more on promoting workplace diversity, but still the effect of glass ceiling has a negative impact on women and on the employees of minority population. The glass ceiling effect is mainly consider as an invisible barrier within the organization that stop women from getting promotion or rising to the highest rank. In the twenty-first century also, the glass ceiling impact was not being able to reduce from the workplace. The glass ceiling effect has been defined as resistance to minority groups and especially to women that mainly stop those from reaching the higher ran and in that way women are not being able to promote to the next level within the organization (Pinto and Aquinas 2018). The glass ceiling impact was mainly in used during the 1980s, and the women who joined the organization during that time mainly faced these severe issues and because of that their salaries and promotions remained constant. Apart from that, because of this effect women were not being able to go beyond to a particular level of management. However, it should be noted that during the year 1980s, the term glass ceiling was linked with mommy track that means during the time of child bearing, women were considered as less disciplined and motivated than the male employees (Cook and Glass 2014). The main perception was that women after having children should leave the job altogether, and for that reason the glass ceiling effect was implemented on them. As per the report it has been stated that in the year 2003, in the upper management level in fortune, there were 1000 women working in the industry. In order to combat from the effect of the glass ceiling, women and the minorities group should work harder so that they could treat equally like the male employees (Folke and Rickne 2016). However, in the present days, with promoting of value diversity within the workplace, organizations are trying to eliminate the concept of the glass ceiling effect. In order to reduce the effect the glass ceiling within the organization, managers are trying to promote equality among the employees at every level and within the implementation of sensitivity training would also foster the sense of equality within the organization (Harvey and Allard 2015). In order to reduce glass ceiling diversity employees in the organization should adopt certain rules that include setting the bar high and should focus on what the employees wants to achieve, employees should learn the reason to rebound that would help employees to reach their level by eliminating the glass ceiling effect. In the twenty-first century, new managers are facing various challenges and opportunities within the organization while promoting value diversity. Work place diversity mainly focuses on the similarities and differences that employees bring into the organization, and organizations used it in increasing their profit and productivity (Stone and Deadrick 2015). Sometimes while dealing with diversities in the workplace, managers face major challenges such as they could not able to train the employees effectively, many managers do not possess the required leadership skill in order to train the employees effectively (Benschop et al. 2015). It has been noted that managing diversity in the workplace has been considered as an important task, therefore most of the times new managers tend to apply the golden rule, that is believe in treating other employees the same way one consider to be treated by others. While dealing with the workforce diversity new managers in the organizations should focus on the new challenges such as demonstrating ability of the diverse culture employees so that they could be motivated to work in the organization. Apart from that fair and equal treatment should be provided to all the employees irrespective of their class, gender, colour and more (Noor, Khalid and Rashid 2016). Sometimes, while dealing with the workforce diversity, new managers find it difficulties to address certain barriers such as the concept of prejudice such as showing negative attitude to certain employee or isolating the employee from the group. This needs to address by reducing the use of stereotypes through proper training session, engaging employees in fun activities and more. However, managers must find other challenges within the organization that includes fairness related to individual and group; the issue reacted to this mainly focus on the results of adopting HR programs that would help in promoting equality (Benschop 2016). In case of the resentment, that was conside red as Government imposed sometimes brings grudges among the employees and the manager find it difficult to resolve it. One of the major challenges, new managers face in the organization is retention. Retention mainly takes place, because of the glass ceiling effect when women and other minorities do not find any job satisfaction and decide to leave the jobs. In order to stop this, managers should apply innovative strategies that would tend to increase job satisfaction among those employees. Apart from that, there are opportunities for managers in the twenty-first century, as diversity is consider as an asset in the organization, as it helps to bring innovative products and services in the organization (Swain, Kinnear and Steinman 2015). Various policies are being implemented by many organizations that include no discrimination policy, harassment free work environment, open door policy and more. Diversity also enhances greater team work in the organization and also increases satisfa ction level of the employees (Alharbi and Drew 2014). This provides an opportunity to managers in recruiting more diverse employees that would together achieve the target of the organizations. Conclusion From the above conclusion it could be concluded that in the present days, work place diversity has become an important concept in the twenty-first century, as every organizations promoting value diversity among the workplace. It should be noted that diverse employees within the workplace helps in bringing better values to the organization and at the same time increase productivity through innovation and creativity. Managers in the organization promoting diversity management through proper training session, by recruiting employees from diverse backgrounds, by motivating and encouraging employees through incentives and bonus. Apart from that promoting of diversity would also helps in eliminating the glass ceiling effect within the organization, as this would promote equal opportunities to women and to the minorities. However, in order to promote diversity, organizations have also implemented various policies that would bound employees to treat everyone equally within the organization. References Alharbi, S. and Drew, S., 2014. Using the technology acceptance model in understanding academics behavioural intention to use learning management systems.International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,5(1), pp.143-155. Barak, M.E.M., 2016.Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Benschop, Y., 2016. The dubious power of diversity management. InDiversity in the Workplace(pp. 35-48). Routledge. Benschop, Y., Holgersson, C., Van den Brink, M. and Wahl, A., 2015. Future challenges for practices of diversity management in organizations.Handbook for Diversity in Organizations, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp.553-574. Cook, A. and Glass, C., 2014. Above the glass ceiling: When are women and racial/ethnic minorities promoted to CEO?.Strategic Management Journal,35(7), pp.1080-1089. Folke, O. and Rickne, J., 2016. The glass ceiling in politics: Formalization and empirical tests.Comparative Political Studies,49(5), pp.567-599. Greene, A.M. and Kirton, G., 2015.The dynamics of managing diversity: A critical approach. Routledge. Greene, A.M. and Kirton, G., 2015.The dynamics of managing diversity: A critical approach. Routledge. Harvey, C.P. and Allard, M., 2015.Understanding and managing diversity: Readings, cases, and exercises. Pearson. Klarsfeld, A., Booysen, L.A., Ng, E., Roper, I. and Tatli, A. eds., 2014.9.78 E+ 12: Country Perspectives on Diversity and Equal Treatment. Edward Elgar Publishing. Noor, A.N.M., Khalid, S.A. and Rashid, N.R.N.A., 2016. The Relationship Between Human Resource Diversity Management Practices and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. InProceedings of the 1st AAGBS International Conference on Business Management 2014 (AiCoBM 2014)(pp. 355-365). Springer, Singapore. Ozturk, M.B. and Tatli, A., 2016. Gender identity inclusion in the workplace: broadening diversity management research and practice through the case of transgender employees in the UK.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,27(8), pp.781-802. Pinto, P. and Aquinas, P.G., 2018. Glass ceiling effect on women employees: A panoramic view.ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research,8(2), pp.46-56. Schermerhorn, J., Davidson, P., Poole, D., Woods, P., Simon, A. and McBarron, E., 2014.Management: Foundations and Applications (2nd Asia-Pacific Edition). John Wiley Sons. Stone, D.L. and Deadrick, D.L., 2015. Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management.Human Resource Management Review,25(2), pp.139-145. Swain, M., Kinnear, P. and Steinman, L., 2015.Sociocultural theory in second language education: An introduction through narratives(Vol. 11). Multilingual matters. Wrench, J., 2016.Diversity management and discrimination: Immigrants and ethnic minorities in the EU. Routledge.

Enron Company Leadership Crisis

Problem Description There are many documented examples of leadership challenges in the business world. Enron leadership crisis stands out as a major failure in leadership. In an article relayed by the New York Times, Labaton (2002) asserts that Enron bankruptcy came about due to lapses in leadership. Before its bankruptcy, the company had enjoyed unparalleled success until the end of 20th century.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Enron Company Leadership Crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, the company had emerged as one of the largest company not only in the United States but also in the world. However, leadership at Enron did not match this success. At the outset, the leadership overlooked the importance of adhering to set out accounting standards and procedures. The company’s leadership led by Kenneth Lay seemed to have been oblivious of the misdeeds that were going on within the accounting de partment. Failure to disclose huge amounts of debts that the company was facing led to increased investors’ confidence. As the investors continued to buy shares in the firm, the company collapsed due to the misdeeds. Many people would absolve the leadership of Kenneth Lay but in 2006, the court found him guilty of conspiracy and fraud. This shows the level of leadership lapses that had engulfed the company whereby the CEO was aware of malpractices but failed to act on them in order to salvage the organization. Instead, the CEO conspired with the ‘quack’ auditors for selfish gains. It is imperative to note that the role of leadership ought to influence the entire team to achieve the organization’s objectives. Leadership Failures Enron’s collapse qualifies to be one of the greatest business failures of 21st century. Apparently, leadership of the company played a significant role in the demise of the company. First, the leadership lacked objectives. Th e CEO of the company seemed to have enjoyed immense success in the years preceding its collapse and as such, failed to come up with objectives of the company. This led to ‘goal shifting’ where managers in different departments procured and made decisions that were not necessarily in line with the best interests of the company. Particularly, the leadership in the accounting department was not accountable and transparent in order to achieve ethical leadership.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Second, the leader of Enron was not honest. For an organization to thrive, it is important for the leader to be honest with the entire team and be held accountable. In fact, Labaton (2002) says that majority of the employees in various department were unaware of the sad fact of a possible collapse. The collapse led to job losses and many employees lost their livelihoods. Third , the leader of the organization exhibited lack of effective communication with the members of staff. As aforementioned, the collapse of Enron caught the internal stakeholders with a surprise. Effective communication is an important aspect of leadership that not only motivates the members of the staff but also leads to increased productivity. To that end, Enron’s leadership allowed the accounting department to contract auditors without understanding their professionalism. Finally, Kenneth Lay was a selfish leader whose concern was mainly on selfish gains through conspiracy and fraud. Follower’s Failure Enron’s employees are partly to blame for the unexpected collapse of the organization. From the onset of the malpractices in financial statements, employees from the department of accounts should have raised an alarm on possible emissions of debts in the balance sheet of the company. The rationale could have been fear of the leader. Nonetheless, it led to unpreced ented bankruptcy that they could avoid. It is important to notice that the style of leadership that Lay exercised was authoritative. In such a scenario, the leader issued instructions and expected the employees to play their roles without questioning the authority. Undoubtedly, the communication was ‘top down’ whereby the employees were not in a position to disregard the leader’s strategy. Authoritative leaders tend to distance themselves from the employees. This might have been the reason why the CEO conspired with some of his employees especially in the department of finance without the latter raising any questions. What comes out clearly in this case is ethical leadership. Despite the potential adverse consequences, the employees could have embraced work ethics and distance themselves from the fraudulent activities of the leader. As such, the followers lacked the audacity to stand with the organization’s objectives.Advertising We will write a custo m essay sample on Enron Company Leadership Crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Proposed Qualities of Leadership The collapse of Enron could have been averted if the leadership had exhibited various qualities. First, the CEO ought to have been transparent and honest to the stakeholders. The stakeholders should have understood the situation of the organization. Consequently, the investors would have had prior knowledge of the bleak financial future of the problem. This would have precipitated actions that would avert the hitherto impending crises. Second, the leader ought to have adopted ethical leadership during his reign. To the contrary, Lay was selfish and gluttonous. He conspired with some of the employees to carry out fraudulent activities. Finally, the leader ought to have been supportive of his follower and to the entire team of stakeholders. Reference Labaton, S. (2002, Jan 18). Enron’s Collapse: The Overview; SEC Le aders Sees outside Monitors for Auditing Firms. New York Times, p. 1-2. This essay on Enron Company Leadership Crisis was written and submitted by user Cali Howell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Voice of Rhetoric

The Voice of Rhetoric Free Online Research Papers The role of rhetoric in the greater scheme of thought is incalculable. Rhetoric, including language and discourse, has provided a stage for the development of thought. The interdisciplinary development and practice of rhetoric is intertwined with thought, as one facet cannot be deemed causal to the other. From its beginnings, rhetoric has expanded from fundamental claims of truth to discourse of theories of language and cultural ideology. Discussion on the limitations of language to reflect truth is the enduring debate concerning the role of rhetoric. This paper will focus on three thinkers who utilized and displayed the importance of rhetoric beyond its surfaced role in oratory and persuasion: Aristotle of the classical period, St. Augustine of the medieval period, and Karl Marx of the modern period. A survey of the cultural and historical context is important, for rhetoric is incited and is driven by motive. The origins of rhetoric are inherently fixed to the history and culture of ancient Greece, specifically to Greek drama. The theater emerges our of dance routines. Performed in Athenian Theater of Dionysus, the dances were in celebration of the Greek god Dionysus during the religious festival Dionysia. The performers, usually women, would perform the ritual dances while wearing masks in order to convey emotion. One of the performers would address the audience. At this point emotional expression in the monologue would be emphasized and delivered clearly and eloquently so as to appeal to the audience, and therefore persuade them to understand and empathize with the issues presented (Ley 4-6). The content of the theater was usually a philosophical discussion about issues and struggles that seem to be unsolvable, but nevertheless inherent in one’s life. The dialogue of the actors became more apparent in the plays. Monologues shined through as what was said became more important than what was played out. The focus of content changed to include major events of transformations of the Greek culture, like the Persian Wars, developing a more political appeal to the discourse of the plays. From this logographers emerged who standardized the narratives in terms of story line and meter, like Homer in his account of the Trojan War. Like a monologue of the theater, the logographer used the tools of the actor. He was convincing in presentation and followed the familiar tale with descriptive terms that followed the rhythm of the narrative. When this skill of presenting persuasively became needed, these logographers taught others the techniques of presentation. When democracy emerged, presenting issues persuasively became a highly successful skill. The ones who practiced and learned the skill of persuasion were usually the ones who could afford the education. These students of persuasion became known as rhetoricians. The Persian war incited the development of Greek democracy. The democratic political system allowed the city-states of Greece to unite and work as a political force. No longer was society determined by the whims of an individual monarch, the people now decided how society functioned. From this the peasants and the farmers gained more political power. Participants of the democratic process would vote on issues presented by speakers to the polis. If the speaker wanted agreement by the polis, he had to be convincing and appealing; hence the need for rhetoric. The monologue, perfected in the theater, becomes a useful tool. Like the actors, the speaker used tools of rhetoric. One was expected to present oneself as one with the best intent for the people and appeal to the audience’s logic and emotion, in order to be persuasive. It is no surprise that the use of rhetoric, speaking persuasively, became synonymous with politicians. More specifically, these political rhetoricians were known as Sophists, who prided themselves in their knowledge of the world and their skill of persuasion. The Sophists were at the forefront of debate in the political sphere. They used their skill and knowledge against their opponents in an effort to persuade the audience to vote policy in favor of their display. If they were persuasive enough, their intent of the debate would become policy. Some, like philosophers Plato and Socrates, regarded the Sophists with disdain and claimed the Sophists were manipulative in their language and selfish in their intent. The clash between Plato and the Sophists, and rhetoric in general, is more a debate over the notion of truth. Plato valued philosophy and rationality and regarded rhetoric as covering up the truth. The Sophists, on the other hand, believed in a more humanistic principle where the world should be judged within the context of the human condition. Gorgias made full use of these principles, applying them to the style and utility of rhetoric. He was known for his Asiatic, poetic style and use of figures of speech. For Sophists like Gorgias, they regarded â€Å"the world in which man moves as nothing but a set of more or less emotional convictions† (Ijsseling 27). Gorgias and the Sophists exploited the persuasive nature of speech to move listeners through emotional appeal. Rationality had no room in their world of chaos. Language, like the world, was chaotic. The world was perceived by the Sophists as nothing more than a series of images and emotional convictions. Language was reflecting that chaos through its illusionary nature. In Gorgias’ Encomium to Helen, he argued the acts of the mythical heroin were due to this form persuasion; therefore, she was not to blame. In his construct of speech, he wants to show the deceptive nature of language and the power of language, which by its use justifies deception: â€Å" Speech is a powerful lord that with the smallest and most invisible body accomplishes most god-like works†¦I shall show how this is so† (35). He wants to display, through his rhetoric, that language does not lead to truth. The limitation of language is a recurring theme in the development of rhetoric. Aristotle’s philosophy is aimed at establishing universal truths. His approach differed from Plato, who believed that universal truth was separate from particular truths and discussion of the particular is focused upon its attempt to be like the universal. Instead, Aristotle observed universal truths in the particular. The particulars, according to Aristotle, had an essence of universal. By categorizing the particular in relation to the universal, Aristotle is putting a language to being. The relation of the particular to the universal, as well as the universal’s relationship to the particular, says something of the meaning to that truths; supporting one another to uphold the truth that gives them both meaning. Aristotle’s syllogism puts language to this philosophy of logic. The syllogism works logically by establishing a relationship between two premises, (a universal and a particular). Finding this relationship is finding knowledge that is reinforced by the universal and particular, all giving meaning to one another. Aristotle then applies the syllogism to practical knowledge, like ethics. The categorical syllogism changes from to dialectical syllogism in order to apply logic to the practical knowledge, something that is useful for man in his daily life. The dialectical syllogism addresses problems like how one should act and live, and what policies should be done by the state so we can live a good life. In its form, it remained logical like the categorical syllogism and retained the same sense of dialogue, with two premises and a conclusion; however, the premises and conclusion was left to interpretation. The first premise stated a universal truth or premise of how one should live, the second was a particular situation in relation to the universal premise. Because the subject matter dealt with abstract concepts of morals, the syllogism treats them like concrete, universal ideas to make them manageable for argument. Aristotle applied this same scientific methodology to rhetoric. Rhetorical syllogism, or enthymeme, argued from the particular to the conclusion and suppressing the universal. The universal premise is presupposed in the mind of the audience and there is no need to state it. By assuming the universal principle in one’s speech, the speaker creates credibility in the particular in showing agreement in the truth of that universal premise. The relationship between the two, in the persuaded conclusion, fit logically within these two truths and is better accepted as truth by the audience. Rhetoric is not classified as knowledge, but is subject to Aristotle’s classification. According to Aristotle, rhetoric is the counterpart to dialectic and a device to find knowledge. Oratory was synonymous with rhetoric; however, rhetoric entailed larger scope of disciplines beyond the act of speech delivery Rhetoric is defined in Aristotle’s The Art of Rhetoric as â€Å"the facility of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion† which is â€Å"fully persuaded when a thing has been demonstrated† (15). The art of rhetoric includes a theory of persuasive communication â€Å"in the context of a genuinely philosophical conception of rhetoric† (15). Aristotle is offering more to the technique of persuasion, beyond the emotional appeal practiced by the Sophist, by implementing an appeal to logos, as well as ethos and pathos. Aristotle insists that simple persuasion is not the function of rhetoric. As rational beings, more than emotion drives man. Rhetoric serves a particular function in the quest for knowledge, as seen in rhetorical logic in the form of enthymeme. The persuasive quality comes from its use of logos, pathos, and ethos. The extent of their use is determined by the need and context of the rhetoric. These needs are categorized by Aristotle as forensic, epideictic and deliberative, each serving a purpose considering the topic: (1) Deliberative: political speeches arguing for the policy of the future by providing information to support the greater good of the policy (2) Forensic: legal speeches, moving the audience to pass judgment (3) Epideictic: ceremonial and celebratory speeches that provide the audience with pleasure The extent to which the proofs and appeals, (logos, ethos, pathos), are implemented are dependent of which form of rhetoric is being used. The genre of rhetoric used becomes important in the further development of thought. To what extent rhetoric is used and for what purpose determines the affect and success rhetoric has in persuasion. The Medieval and Renaissance period provided no development of rhetoric by way of the political structure of society. Before these periods, during the decline of the Roman Republic and appearance of the Roman Empire, there was no widespread use and advancement. Democracy fostered the art of persuasion as people had to be enticed to agree upon a perspective. In this new environment, the art of persuasion was for some time limited to flattery and scholastic use. There was no sense of rhetoric by the medieval period. Christianity, by that time, had influenced every facet of educated society. Classical works of rhetoric and philosophy were demeaned as pagan literature, called â€Å"the food of the devil† and was no longer considered relevant. However, â€Å"most educated Christians were trained in rhetoric and †¦ acquainted with classical literature, the style and content of which impressed many with its almost incomparable beauty† (Ijsseling 41). The devices and characteristic of rhetoric proved useful for the development and operation Christian ideology. St. Augustine was a distinguished rhetorician, known for his style and role in early Christianity. Also educated in the classics, Augustine saw â€Å"rhetorical technique in itself is neither good nor bad, but all depends on the use to which it is put†¦[and] regarded rhetoric as entirely neutral; it may be blessing or a curse, since only the aim determines its value† (Ijsseling 43). However, the style of Christian rhetoric â€Å"must be lucid, simple, objective, serious, and biblically inspired† (Ijsseling 43-44). The use of rhetorical devices fit with the persuasive oratory of preaching the Gospel, but for Augustine, there was a differentiation between expression of truth and truth itself. Above being an accomplished rhetorician, Augustine considered himself a philosopher and theologian. Medieval rhetoricians like Augustine believed truth was determined by religious sources. He believed â€Å"one does not learn from another but from an ‘inner teacher’ from whom one receives instruction through introspection† (Ijsseling 44). Augustine is speaking of prayer, an inner dialogue between Christ and individual, with no agents between the two. This belief implies two important factors future thought: (1) the emergence in the concept of the individual, who can have a personal relationship with the divine; and (2) an ideological validation of absolute truth, which could be discovered through this relationship with the divine, within which language has limitations. In the greater scheme of medieval scholasticism, rhetoric was considered part of the trivium, alongside grammar and dialectics, but differentiated from the quadrivum, which included music, astronomy, geometry, and arithmetic. Instead of emphasis in philosophy, theology was considered most important. Rhetorical strategies were applied to Christian thought, and continued with limited use in the scholastic field and in praise of Christ. Rhetoric was used in exercises of reason and argumentation, as Scripture was subject to interpretation and application. There was not much development of rhetorical theory as much as rhetorical practice. The liberal arts education structure continued on into the Renaissance period, as did the philosophy. But what did change during this transition was a renewed sense of humanism and renewed sense of rhetorical style. As the economic force of early capitalism emerged, power began to shift. There was a lot of money to be made in the exchange of goods. The economic force of early capitalism was emerging, distributing power away from the church and monarchs, and towards port cities and city-states where this exchange of goods and idea was taking place. The Renaissance was marked with a cultural reinvigoration of goods and ideas, occurring most specifically in Italy. At the forefront of this cultural change were the Italian Humanists, who proved to be the new rhetoricians of the age. The Humanists saw medieval philosophy as loosing ties with political and social life. The art of rhetoric and applied principles had been isolated, away from political practice. They wanted to apply philosophy and rhetoric to the world beyond the walls of monasteries, â€Å"turning quite consciously to classical rhetoric for aesthetic and practical reasons† (Ijsseling 54). Their objective concerned the world of common man and his culture, in relation to these absolute truths like those presented by theology. Rhetoric, especially in the form of poetry, held great value by the Humanists. The invigoration of rhetoric, however, became overshadowed by the rational thought, which provided a basis for scientific development. The practice of rhetoric was again reduced to academics and social niceties, limited to style and delivery. Used primarily in etiquette, rhetoric and oratory proved useful for mercantilism as capitalist needed to create diplomatic relationships in business. The advent of the printing press shifted rhetoric from oral presentation to text. Rhetoric was largely ignored as the persuasion was limited by the overpowering format of text. Ideas had to be arranged formally and in a logical manner to fit within this new presentation. Rational thought proved more powerful than all. The scientific method was applied logically and showed the world as operating mechanistically through natural laws. By discovering this knowledge, man could now control these laws for their own utility, prompting invention and discovery. Rational thought was too overpowering to be undermined by the persuasion of language. Rhetoric was expected to appeal to the facilities of the mind by the emergence of a new sense of the individual and an understanding of the self. The scientist of the age wanted a new language, an objective language that would truthfully reflect these new ideas. The complex, eloquent language of rhetoric was to be erased, and instead, replaced with a new, simple language that appealed to the reason of man. This new rhetoric left behind the notion of persuasive technique and insisted upon itself to reflect the truth. But was this truth the actual truth of the world, or a reflection of a particular world made out to be universal? A handful of thinkers of the Modern age undermined the universal assumption of the modern thought. The development and establishment of capitalism occurred simultaneously with rational thought of science, and the reformation of the church, which up to that point held power over the ethical nature of society. Making full use of textual rhetoric, thinkers like Karl Marx argued the bourgeois class was based upon these universal assumptions, and upheld absolute truths by way of an ideology. According to Marx, relative concepts were made into concrete concepts. Superstructures were created to authenticate these concepts, and functioned to sustain power of one class in of society another. In German Ideology, Marx specifically attached the bourgeois ideas of property and the individual. According to Marx, to understand property as universal is to misunderstand its particular historically characteristics, which he shows within his five stages of historical materialism. The development into the capitalist labor structure consisted of â€Å"many different forms of ownership† (Marx 178), resulting in the subjugation of one class of economic producers by another class of property owners. The bourgeois and proletariat class identity was based on each class’s relation to the means of production. The hegemonic structure of society was interpreted as the natural, universal, and absolute process. According to Marx, ideology was created, maintained, and justified this social order. The bourgeois were articulate enough to define this understanding and had time and capital to exercise these rights of the individual, a concept, which Marx believed, they created for themselves. Marx argued the notion of the individual was an abstract concept Marx said was made concrete. Having its roots in development of the Christian doctrine that stressed an individual’s relationship with Christ, the source of all truth. and even further back to Platonic thought, the idea of the individual was further included to be a rational being who is logical in thought. This was supported by the superstructures like law, which favor the individual, a concept of this ideology. The created culture formed the universal and guaranteed particular rights to the individual. These truths were further supported by science, which was based upon natural laws within which the universe functioned. But most importantly, the concept of the individual effected the psyche of person: those of the bourgeois class were able to exercise the rights of the individual by fulfilling standards that, Marx argues, they created and therefore being an individual who is successful and cultured. The bourgeois identified with this individual as it was reinforced in society. On the other hand, the proletariat, as Marx argues, could not identify with this standard of the individual because of their relation to the means of production, which determined their class distinction. The means of production entailed exploitation of the lower classes by a higher class, which was deemed appropriate because of the individual’s right to choose employment and enter into contracts. The particular form these rights took was corrupted for those outside the bourgeois class. In the labor contract, the individual has the right to sign over his labor in exchange for capital. The bourgeois then use this individual’s labor to produce products, of which he makes a profit by attaching a value, another abstract concept made concrete. The fact the capitalist makes a profit, says Marx, shows that the laborer’s wage does not equal the value of his labor. If the laborer were given the true value of his labor, then the bourgeois would make no profit because the value of the product should be equal to the value of the labor used to product the product. This is exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeois, says Marx. The ideology that created and maintained the capitalist system is the center of Marx’s critique. Its justification, apology, was based on the universal idea of the system. The system, in fact, is not universal but created by one class of people in order to preserve wealth and identity. This web, according to Marx, depended upon itself. Marx predicted this system would eventually implode as a revolution occurs when the contradiction between the means of production and social forces of classes comes to its final stage: communism, the end of historical materialism when there is no private ownership of property and no class distinctions. In his rhetoric, Marx was attacking the philosophical, economical, political history of modern society, and therefore threatening its validity. He insisted the truths of society was based on fact were not true, but made to be true in order to uphold capitalism and instilling power in bourgeois class. The notion of ideology was a radical claim. But the development of thought speaks for itself. Beginning with Aristotle’s syllogism in the classical period, concepts were treated as universal so particular issues could be related to their truth. The particular justified the universal as much as the universal justified the particular, building meaning and knowledge upon one another. In this context, the syllogism can be interpreted as the blue print for ideology. The superstructures Marx defined in his critique work in the same fashion, by way of the dialectical syllogism. Practical truths like those of religion and law were founded upon these abstract, but deemed universal, truths of concepts like that of the individual. The rhetoric of these institution echoes the rhetorical logic of the enthymeme. The universals were already assumed and one could logically infer the conclusion. Proven by its use, the role of rhetoric in facilitating the discourse of thought is the key factor within the precipitating formation of ideology and the limitation of language. Left to interpretation, language can change the meaning and can be manipulated to be whatever the user chooses. Language cannot reflect a truth and a reality that is dependent upon the changing forces of thought, just as thought cannot be defined by language. Aristotle. The Art of Rhetoric. Trans. H.C. Dawson-Tancred. London: Penguin, 2004. Gorgias. â€Å"Helen.† Readings from Classical Rhetoric. Ed. Patricia P. Matsen. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University, 1990. Ijsseling, Samuel. Rhetoric and Philosophy in Conflict: A Historical Survey. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976. Ley, Graham. A Short Introduction to the Ancient Greek Theater. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1991 Marx, Karl. â€Å"German Ideology.† Selected Writings. Ed. Lawrence H. Simon. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1994. Research Papers on The Voice of RhetoricAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andWhere Wild and West MeetComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoQuebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBringing Democracy to AfricaStandardized Testing

History of Eastern United States coast barrier islands land change Research Proposal

History of Eastern United States coast barrier islands land change - Research Proposal Example They also connected many people with the shore. Pleasure and comfort was on the peak in the island making investments to be on the rise (Jones and Mike 2011, 15-16). Hotels and cottages came into place on the coast. The vegetation around was not the same all over as most of it would be destroyed by the sea water (Parry 2007, 35-36; Goudie, and Cuff 2008, 25). The long island beaches are barren with no vegetation while the other side of the island is covered with a dense forest of trees   (Gray 2008, p57). Most of the beaches are sandy in nature hence the need for the barriers to reduce soil erosion (Robinson 2005, p57; MacCracken and Frances 2008, 76). The coastal zone has been home to almost two thirds of the population in America. Along it are the slender and fragile silvers of sand that act as the barriers. They have been maintained for a longer period as a result of the frequent hurricanes and tides that affect the area often (Pilkey, and Rob 2008 ). The people in the area started building the barriers at the end of the last ice age. During this period, there was a steady rise in the sea level and it went ahead to flood the coastal river valleys claiming several lives. They went ahead to form the first barrier on the higher grounds in areas that were non-drowned and near river valleys (Pilkey and Pilkey 2007, 25). Barriers have over the years been considered to be young geologically and will always shift and slide with response to the ocean currents and winds available (Rice, Pilkey and Tracy 2004, 103). However, currently the barriers have been built and maintained by considering the interaction of rivers which is a complex phenomenon. The river now brings sediments from the inland areas and deposits it along the coast (Mirko 2006, 8). The wind then builds the deposited material and they become dunes. In case the dunes become stronger, there are plants that grow on it and therefore help